@article{oai:rakuno.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000231,
 author = {Steyn, Y. and Lawlor, T.J. and Tsuruta, S. and Masuda, Y. and Legarra, A. and Lourenco, D.A.L. and Misztal, I.},
 journal = {Proceedings of the 12th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production},
 month = {},
 note = {journal article, The continuous increase in inbreeding in the U.S. Holstein is a threat to genetic diversity. Loss of genetic diversity can hinder adaptation to changing environments and consumer demands. K-means clustering on the genomic relationship matrix was used to stratify 20,099 selected candidates into five clusters. These clusters were shown to be different through expected inbreeding within- and across cluster, the fixation index (Fst), and genetic correlations for stature between clusters. Expected inbreeding within cluster was mostly higher than across-cluster. The average Fst across cluster was 0.03. Genetic correlations ranged from <0.50 to >0.90. Families were formed by tracing pedigrees of each cluster back for 10 generations. Allele frequency changes over generations were evaluated. Polygenic shifts, selective sweeps, hitch-hiking, and epistasis were observed. The Replicate Frequency Spectrum was used to measure genetic redundancy. Results show that sub-populations within the breed have developed differently over time.},
 pages = {1000--1003},
 title = {Investigating genetic redundancy as a source of genetic diversity and adaptability in the U.S. Holstein breed},
 year = {2022}
}