@article{oai:rakuno.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005693,
 author = {永, 海 and HOSHINO, Buho and 星野, 仏方 and ソリ, ガ and 笹村, 尚司 and 梅垣, 和幹 and 那音, 太},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Journal of Arid Land Studies},
 month = {},
 note = {Article, 近年，内モンゴル自治区の沙漠化が深刻な問題になっている．その沙漠化の主な原因として，過剰な農地開発の影響が大きいといった研究成果が多く報告されている．しかし, 内モンゴル自治区における農地開発による沙漠化の先行研究では，内モンゴル全体，あるいはホルチン地域など広い地域を対象とした研究が多い．これらの研究は，農地がいつ,どこで，どのように開発されたのかが具体的に示されていない．よって，本研究の目的は，内モンゴル自治区半農半牧地域の末端行政地区である一つの村落を対象として，過去120年間の農地開発の経緯とその特徴を明らかにすることである．研究手法は，農地開発の経緯に関する聞き取り，土壌侵食の推定，村民委員会責任者の帳簿，家計簿など行政・歴史資料データの収集，および衛星画像の解析を組み合わせた．その結果，以下のことが明らかになった．①1960年代の農産物の販売と交換の禁止，食糧自給政策により，耕作地がこれまでの湖の周りの肥沃な土地から耕作に適さない丘陵地に広がり，村の総面積の約4.1%を占めるまでに拡大した；②1980年以降，地域政府の指導で，牧畜の生産性を上げるとされた採草地，人工牧草地など個人的用途の柵が作られたことにより，放牧地の開墾は村の総面積の約21.2%にまで及んだ；③2000年以降，灌漑設備，農業機械など農業技術の近代化，農業機械と耕地に対する補助金などの国家的支援により，防風林，経済林など生態環境を修復する目的のプロジェクト実施地の中で農地開発が進み，村の総面積の約43.4%までに拡大した．1980年代の牧畜の生産性を上げる名義的農地開発から2000年以降には生態環境を修復する目的の「新たな名義的農地開発」へと転換した；④作物の種類がアワ,モロコシ，キビなどの耐乾性作物からトウモロコシ，スイカ，ヒマワリなど大量の水を必要とする環境負荷の高い作物に転換した．それに伴い，天水農業から灌漑農業へと変わった．したがって，大規模な農地開発による課題は，①環境への負荷としては，土壌の侵食，地下水の枯渇，土壌の塩類集積化などが挙げられる；②住民への負荷としては，伝統遊牧文化の消失，土地使用権の転換過程で生じた土地を失った住民の収入の減少が挙げられる．中国政府は，草原の保護を強化するほかに，持続可能な農地を保有することを目的に，農地開発の適正化を図ることが早急に求められることと，過剰な農地開発の現状から，半農半牧地域で世帯当たり，または人口当たりの耕作面積を適正化する調整機能的制度が必要であると示唆された．, Recently, rapid land desertification has been disturbing the steppe grassland of Inner Mongolia. A lot of researches reported that excessive farm land development is a major cause of desertification. However, the study areas of most previous studies on farm land development in Inner Mongolia were in larger area such as the whole area of Inner Mongolia or Horqin region. In these studies, when, where and how did the farmland develop were not specifically indicated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the 120 years history and characteristics of the agricultural land development in one selected village located at Inner Mongolia’s semi-farming semi-animal husbandry region and is the smallest administrative district. For the study method, we interviewed for the history of the farmland development, estimated the degree of soil erosion, collected information data (i.e. the records by the village council’s person in charge, the records of household account and history data) and combined with the analyzed the satellite images. The findings are as the following: 1) With the self-sufficiency policy of food in 1960 which prohibited the exchange and trade of agricultural products, cultivating area was expanding from the fertile land around the lake to the hilly area though not suitable for cultivation. The village area expanded about 4.1 percent; 2) In 1980s, under the guidance of local government, the villagers made artificial pasture and fences for personal used to increase the productivity of grazing. As a result, the village area was further expanded for another 21.2 percent. 3) In 2000s, because of the modernization of agricultural technology, such as irrigation equipment and agricultural machines, and support from the country, such as subsidies for agricultural machines and arable land, farmland development was proceeded inside the windbreak forest, economical forest and ecological restoration project site, which further expanded 43.4 percent of the village area. 4) The types of crop were changed from drought-resistant crops such as foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum to corn, watermelon and sunflower which require a large amount of water. In another words, the agriculture has changed from rain-fed agriculture to irrigated agriculture. These large-scale farm land development causes various impacts: 1) The impacts on the environment were soil erosion, depletion of groundwater, and salts accumulation of land. 2) The impact on the livelihood of the villagers were the disappearance of the traditional nomadic culture and a reduction in income among the inhabitants who lost their land. Therefore, the government of China suggested that other than strengthening the protection of the grassland and to ensure a sustainable farmland, it is urgently required to improve the optimization of farmland development. With present situation of excessive farm land development, adjusting the functional system to optimize the cultivation area per household or per capita in “Semi-farming semi-animal husbandry” region is necessary.},
 pages = {9--16},
 title = {内モンゴル半農半牧地域における「新たな農地開発」の実態と課題 : 赤峰市の末端行政レベルからの考察},
 volume = {27},
 year = {2017}
}